shame for humanity to be beautiful a day like today, in 1945 an atomic bomb dropped by the "civilized U.S. forces" wiped out the city of Hiroshima.
The 6 and August 9, 1945 two separate American bombers dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan the first and only atomic bombs with experimental non-military use. Within seconds, both cities were devastated. It is estimated that in these first moments, in Hiroshima, the bomb killed more than 120,000 people in a population of 450,000, causing another 70,000 wounded and destroyed the city almost entirely. In Nagasaki, the number of victims caused directly by the explosion is estimated at 50,000 deaths and 30,000 injuries in a population of 195,000 inhabitants. To these victims must be added the effects caused by nuclear radiation. Of a population of 645,000 inhabitants, the number of victims could exceed 400,000 or 500,000, of which, 200,000 or 250,000 deaths (data differ according to various sources).
== == The decision
On [[April 12]], 1945, died [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt its details: in three months the U.S. could have a bomb capable of destroying itself a city. He will need to take the final decision.
In November 1944, had begun the bombing of Japan. For several months, the 20 th Air Force bombers made by 500 [[Boeing B-29 (Over 9,000 m) to a large extent, prevent the Japanese answer (during these months, decreasing proportion, the Air Force lost 90 B-29 bombers in raids in Japan).
The [[10 March]] 1945 [[Tokyo]], the capital of Japan, is bombed. The bombing of Tokyo marks the change of strategy in the bombing of Japan. Unused major military complex changes the category of the target. The strategic value is not assigned to specific factories, ports and communications hubs, cities and areas will now be more or less extensive that, determining its strategic value will be set as a goal. [[Tokyo]] and many other cities were considered of strategic value.
New objectives and the minimum response of the Japanese defenses defined the new tactical missions. The objectives, less specific, requiring less accuracy, so the bombing could be nocturnal. And the Japanese with little response to increased safety of night flights allowed that they were at low altitude, gaining in effectiveness. The bombing of Tokyo was night at low altitude and the 334 bombers that crossed the 3000 km between the [[Mariana Islands]] in Tokyo did devoid of guns and machine guns (was dismantled all weapons except the glue) 2 tons of weapons and ammunition were replaced by pumps, which allowed the effective charge of each bomber spend 4 to 6 tons. Also replaced the type of bombs. Groundbreaking pumps (very effective against buildings and reinforced concrete) used until then were replaced by incendiary bombs [[Napalm]] (useless against solid buildings, but more extensive effects and especially deadly.)
That night, three hundred thirty-four B-29 loaded with [[Napalm]], of which two came a few minutes before the other and bombed his target making a big X, after which the remaining aircraft in training occupied the Tokyo sky over an area of \u200b\u200b40 [[square kilometer the stampede fleeing the fire, seeking refuge in the rivers. The water in the ditches, ponds and swimming pools had evaporated, and its bottom was covered by the bodies of those who had taken refuge in them. Only the central channel of the river proved a safe haven for those who sought shelter from the conventional bombing died of asphyxiation. More than 100,000 people died and 40,000 were seriously injured. 50% of the city was destroyed and 20% of its industry crippled. The Air Force suffered the low of 14 bombers and the disappearance of eight crews.
During the following months continued bombing Japan with the result of nearly a million deaths. Several cities of alleged strategic value were "reserved" for the launch of the first atomic bomb were not subjected to these bombings ([[Hiroshima]], [[Nagasaki]], Kokura and Niigata among others).
In the spring of 1945, U.S. intelligence had broken the keys used by the Japanese and the "magic intercepts" (so named because the intelligence services) will arrive promptly to President Truman. For those unable to see the various attempts by Japan to achieve a negotiated surrender.
In June 1945, Emperor [[Hirohito]] appointed Admiral [[Kantaro Suzuki]] as prime minister and [[Shigenori Togo]] as minister of foreign affairs, both supporters of a negotiated end to the war. Togo
Minister instructed his ambassador in Moscow to the Soviet Union (the only great power in those moments was at peace with Japan as a result of both neutrality pact signed in 1941) against the United States to mediate a surrender agreed. This communication was intercepted by U.S. intelligence.
President Truman demanded the unconditional surrender of Japan. Former President [[Herbert C. Hoover]], among others, advised, as the only means to achieve the surrender of Japan, to ensure the figure of the emperor. It is discussed that the Secretary of State James F. Byrnes was the only advise him to keep the demands of unconditional surrender.
On [[July 4]] [[Winston Churchill present in the [[Potsdam Conference]], receives the news of the outcome of Trinity: "Baby satisfactorily born" (satisfactory birth of the baby): United States successfully tested the atomic bomb and the Army has two of them immediate use.
During the Potsdam conference, the Emperor Hirohito sent a personal message to [[Stalin]] expressing their desire to end the war as soon as possible and send an emissary to a prince of the royal family member. Truman and Stalin had discussions about the attempts of Japan's surrender. Truman would record in his diary:''Telegram asking the Japanese Emperor peace. It seems that the Japanese surrender before Russia's entry. I'm sure they will when Manhattan appears over their homeland ".''Topic of discussion is whether or not Stalin received the Japanese envoy, the fact is that Stalin did not respond to the request for postponing Japan, initially, to the conclusion the conference.
On 2 August, the Potsdam Conference concludes with a statement that urges Japan to surrender unconditionally. The proposals of the Secretary of State James F. Byrnes remove the clause which guaranteed the position their emperor.
Truman, from Potsdam, do not wait for the conclusion of the conference and gives the order launched the first atomic bomb. Japan ignores the decision of not giving Potsdam aware of the ultimatum.
== ==
bombing On [[August 2]] on the island of Tinian in the Marianas, the Air Force nuclear attack was ready to act. In recent weeks had been training their crews fly to the height at which it was intended to make the final, at 9,600 m, on missions to Japan and dropped a single bomb on very specific goals.
Al [[B29]] that would carry the bomb armament was removed, leaving only the tail gun. Their commander, [[Paul Tibbets]] was baptized with the name of his mother: "[[Enola Gay]]", and the pump is christened with the name "Little Boy" (Little Boy).
On [[August 5]] the Enola Gay, with Little boy in her womb detachment from Tinian to Japan escorted by five B29. One important task of checking with the weather, two to measure the consequences of impact, photograph and film, and two guard. Hiroshima was the target first, and if the sky were not clear of clouds, which prevented from registering the effects of the bomb, Nagasaki, Kokura and Niigata, which offered better weather conditions.
On [[August 6]], on Hiroshima, the sky was bright and 8.15 the Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb over the Aioi Bridge, the geographical center of the city. Its inhabitants, accustomed to seeing pass the B29 without downloading their bombs on them, were surprised by this huge explosion that flattened the city a few seconds in a radius of three kilometers.
While the Japanese military was hiding the bombing of its citizens, President Truman addressed his people through television:''Not long ago an American plane had dropped a bomb on Hiroshima unusable for the enemy. The Japanese started the war through the air at Pearl Harbor, have been amply reciprocated. But this is not the end, with this bomb we have added a revolutionary new dimension to the destruction [...] If you do not accept our conditions may expect a rain of fire that will sow more ruins all until now seen on earth.'' "
Three days later, on [[August 9]], the B-29 bomber nicknamed" Bock's Car "dropped on the center of Nagasaki the second atomic bomb" Fat Man "(Fat Man), reaching to the factory Mitsubishi, but leaving the yards of the port to more than 2 km from the center of the explosion. The city was also destroyed.
pacta President Truman secretly with Japan's surrender through its embassy in Switzerland. The figure of Emperor Hirohito would be preserved.
On [[August 10]] Japan surrenders unconditionally. However, part of the army conspired unsuccessfully to intercept the recording of Emperor Hirohito addressed the people of Japan. The [[August 15]] the people of Japan, first heard the voice of the emperor and was to announce the surrender.
on 2 September in Tokyo Bay, on the deck of the battleship Missouri, formalized the surrender.
== The explosion and its consequences
== * A las 8:15:17, el B-29 [[Enola Gay]] dejó caer la bomba atómica [[Little Boy]] (‘niño pequeño’) sobre el centro de la ciudad y se alejó a gran velocidad, haciendo un brusco giro de 150° hacia el noroeste en forma ascendente. Algunos testigos vieron además caer algunos paracaídas amarillos a lo lejos (eran los aparatos de medición del B-29 testigo, Número 91). La bomba cayó haciendo un ruido sibilante que no se percibió desde tierra. Para aumentar su alcance letal, la bomba estaba programada para iniciar la reacción nuclear a unos 640 m de altura. Esa altura sería determinada barométricamente (calculando la altura por la presión del aire) y —un alternative-radar system.
* At 8:16:43, the bomb exploded at the level agreed, with an explosion of the magnitude of 20,000 t of [[trinitrotoluene thousands who circulated directly below the blast. The pressure exerted by the initial blast was several ton/cm2 and buried several meters compressed columns of the Shima Hospital. In some instances created an invisible column whose understanding was huge, instant heat and pressure vaporized more than 80,000 people.
* At 60 thousandths of s, the ball scorching spread all around, more than 500 m radius and charring with radiation [[infrared]] every 1.5 km from the hypocenter.
* 2 s after the detonation of the bomb blast compressed, the 'breath of the blast "had destroyed everything around 2.5 km away, incinerating those of were in that sector. The high temperature blast devastated with winds from the 800 [[km / h partially destroyed by the blast. From there a few weeks ago had brought down two B-26.
* The fireball began to climb, consuming thousands of m3 of oxygen. Updrafts created a vacuum that sucked column outriggers to the hypocenter, was perceived to lead taste in the air.
* At the time, observers up to 20 km away from Hiroshima could see the [[mushroom cloud]] ascending completely silent (the roar of reach a minute later, as the sound moves to 340.46 m / s).
* 5 s after the burst, all the damage was over. The area immediately
affected was 5 km ² densely populated.
The blast winds carried reheated to 500 ° C over the entire city. There were thousands of cases of sudden incineration, partial charring and burning of people exposed to the hypocenter of the blast, more than 10 km from ground zero.
=== === Black Rain After the minutes were crowds of people burned completely but live with shreds of skin hanging, mutilated by the rubble, some only partially burned by the side exposed to the blast. All off a smell even [[mushroom]] s cooked, walked thirsty and some with hair still in flames jumped into the river where many drowned en masse. The fires were happening one after another.
Half an hour later started to happen a strange effect: it began to rain a shower of black. The rain brought the condensate charcoal burning any organic material (including human victims), radioactive material and the ball of smoke that had risen. This rain caused many casualties days later by anemia, spasms and convulsions of hitherto mysterious origin.
The chaos, confusion and ruin was total. The scorched landscape took on a uniform gray tone, as if the color had been extinguished, the grass turned red gray, 92% of the solid buildings of Hiroshima was destroyed.
Bob Caron, tail gunner on B-29 [[knot (unit) fungus that the captain had told us about Parsons. Coming here is like a mass of bubbling molasses. The fungus spreads. You may have 1500 or perhaps two miles wide and about eight in height. Grows larger and larger. Is almost at our level and still rising. It is very black, but shows very strange purple tinge.
''The basis of the fungus looks like a dense fog pierced with a [[flamethrower]]. The city must be below that. The flames and smoke are swelling and swirling around the foothills. The hills are disappearing under the smoke. Everything I see now the city is the main dock and what appears to be an airfield. That remains to be seen. There are planes down there ".''''
